The distinction of clean and unclean animals

 

According to Leviticus, Chapter 11 and Deuteronomy 14 of the Bible it is written and made known by God which animals are clean and unclean; fit to eat and not fit to be eaten.

Clean foods are those which in their natural state do not harm the human body and which man can use for his nourishment.  Unclean foods are those which are unhealthy to consume and are poisonous to the body.

The following is a summarized look at Leviticus, Chapter 11 and Deuteronomy 14 and a list of which animals are clean and unclean; those are fit to eat and not fit to be eaten.

 This is the law of beasts and fowls, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and creepeth on the earth:  (Leviticus 11:46)(KJV)

That you may know the differences of the clean, and unclean, and know what you ought to eat, and what to refuse.  (Leviticus 11:47)(KJV)

CLEAN ANIMALS        UNCLEAN ANIMALS


CLEAN ANIMALS

These are the animals which you are to eat of all the living things of the earth.  (Leviticus 11:2)(KJV)

Whatsoever hath the hoof divided, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, you shall eat.  (Leviticus 11:3)(KJV)

These are the things that breed in the waters, and which it is lawful to eat. All that hath fins, and scales, as well in the sea, as in the rivers, and the pools, you shall eat.   (Leviticus 11:9)(KJV)

These are the beasts which ye shall eat: (Deuteronomy 14:4 - 6) (KJV)

  • Ox

  • Sheep
  • Goat
  • Hart
  • Roebuck
  • Fallow Deer
  • Wild Goat
  • Pygarg
  • Wild Ox
  • Chamois

And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.

Comprehensive List of Biblically Clean Foods

Clean Land Animals

Clean Birds

Clean Fish

     

  • Antelope

  • Bison  (Buffalo)
  • Caribou 
  • Cattle (Beef, Veal)
  • Deer  (Venison)
  • Elk
  • Gazelle
  • Giraffe
  • Goat
  • Hart
  • Ibex 
  • Moose
  • Ox 
  • Reindeer 
  • Sheep (Lamb, Mutton)

     

  • Chicken

  • Dove 
  • Duck 
  • Goose
  • Guinea fowl 
  • Grouse
  • Partridge
  • Peafowl
  • Pheasant
  • Pigeon
  • Prairie chicken
  • Ptarmigan
  • Quail
  • Teal
  • Turkey
  • Sagehen
  • Sparrow  (and other songbirds)
  • Swan*

 

     

  • Anchovy

  • Albacore (Crevalle, Horse Mackerel, Jack)
  • Alewives (Branch, River Herring)
  • Anchovy
  • Barracuda
  • Bass
  • Black Drum
  • Black Pomfret (Monchong)
  • Bluebacks (Glut Herrings)
  • Bluebill Sunfish
  • Bluefish
  • Bluegill
  • Blue Runner (Hardtail)
  • Bonitos
  • Bowfin
  • Buffalofish
  • Butterfish
  • Carp
  • Chubs (Bloater, Longjaw, Blackfin)
  • Cod
  • Common Sucker (Fr. Water Mullet, White Sucker)
  • Crappie (Black or White Crappies)
  • Drum
  • Flounder (Dab, Gray, Lemon Sole, Summer or Winter Flounder, Yellow Tail)
  • Grouper (Black, Nassau, Red, or Yellowfish Grouper, Gag)
  • Grunt (White / Yellow Grunts)
  • Gulf Pike (Robalo, Snook, Sergeant)
  • Haddock
  • Hake
  • Halibut
  • Hardhead
  • Hardtail  (Blue Runner)
  • Herring (Alewife, Branch, Glut. Lake, River, Sea Herrings)
  • Kingfish
  • Long Nose Sucker (Northern or Red Striped Sucker)
  • Mackerel (Cobia)
  • Mahimahi (Dorado, Dolphinfish [not the mammal dolphin])
  • Menhaden 
  • Minnow
  • Muskellunge (Jacks)
  • Mullet

 

  • Orange Roughy

  • Perch (Bream) 
  • Pig Fish
  • Pike (Pickerel, Jack)
  • Pollack (Pollock, Boston Bluefish)
  • Pompano
  • Porgy (Scup) 
  • Red Drum (Redfish)
  • Redfish
  • Red Horse Sucker (Redfin)
  • Red Snapper
  • Robalo (Gulf Pike)
  • Rockfish
  • Salmon (Chum, Coho, King, Pink or Red)
  • Sardine (Pilchard)
  • Sea Bass
  • Sergeant Fish (Gulf Pike)
  • Scup (Porgy) 
  • Shad
  • Sheepshead
  • Silver Hake (Whiting)
  • Silversides
  • Smelt (Frost or Ice Fish)
  • Snapper (Ebu, Jobfish, Lehi, Onaga, Opakapaka, Uku)
  • Snook (Gulf Pike)
  • Sole
  • Spanish Mackerel
  • Steelhead
  • Striped Bass
  • Sucker (Red Horse Sucker, Redfin)
  • Sunfish
  • Tarpon
  • Tuna (Ahi, Aku, Albacore, Bluefin, Bonito, Shipjack,Tombo, Yellowfin, Yellowtail)
  • Trout (Gray Sea, Lake, Sand Sea, White Sea, Spotted Sea Trouts, Weakfish)
  • Turbot (except European turbot)
  • Whitefish
  • Whiting (Silver Hake)
  • Yellow Perch

 

Clean Insects 

Clean insects include types of locusts that may include crickets and grasshoppers 


UNCLEAN ANIMALS

Whatsoever cheweth indeed the cud, and hath a hoof, but divideth it not, as the camel, and others: that you shall not eat, but shall reckon it among the unclean.  (Leviticus 11:4)(KJV)

cherogrillus
hare
swine 

The flesh of these you shall not eat, nor shall you touch their carcasses, because they are unclean to you.  (Leviticus 11:8)(KJV)

But whatsoever hath not fins and scales, of those things that move and live in the waters, shall be an abomination to you, And detestable. Their flesh you shall not eat: and their carcasses you shall avoid.  (Leviticus 11:10 and 11)

All that have not fins and scales, in the waters, shall be unclean.  (Leviticus 11:12)(KJV)

Of birds these are they which you must not eat, and which are to be avoided by you:   (Leviticus 11:13)(KJV)

eagle
griffon
osprey
kite
vulture, according to their kind.

All that is of the raven kind, according to their likeness.

ostrich
owl
larus
hawk according to its kind.
screech owl
cormorant
ibis
swan*
bittern
porphyrion
heron
charadroin according to its kind
houp
bat
weasel
mouse
crocodile, every one according to their kind:
shrew
chameleon
stellio
lizard
mole

Of things that fly, whatsoever goeth upon four feet, shall be abominable to you.  (Leviticus 11:20)(KJV)

But whatsoever walketh upon four feet, but hath the legs behind longer, wherewith it hoppeth upon the earth, That you shall eat:   (Leviticus 11:21)(KJV)

bruchus in its kind
attacus
ophimachus
locust, every, one according to their kind.

That which walketh upon hands of all animals which go on all four, shall be unclean.  (Leviticus 11:27)(KJV)

All that creepeth upon the earth shall be abominable: neither shall it be taken for meat.  (Leviticus 11:41)(KJV)

Whatsoever goeth upon the breast on four feet, or hath many feet, or traileth on the earth, you shall not eat, because it is abominable.  (Leviticus 11:42)(KJV)

Comprehensive List of Biblically UNclean Foods

Swine

Boar
Peccary
Pig (hog, bacon, ham, lard, pork, most sausage and pepperoni)

Canines

Coyote
Dog
Fox
Hyena
Jackal
Wolf

Felines

Cat
Cheetah
Leopard
Lion
Panther
Tiger

Equines

Donkey (ass)
Horse
Mule
Onager
Zebra (quagga)

Other

Armadillo
Badger
Bat
Bear
Beaver
Camel
Elephant
Gorilla

Groundhog
Hippopotamus
Kangaroo
Llama (alpaca, vicuña)
Mole
Monkey
Mouse
Muskrat
Opossum
Porcupine
Rabbit (hare)
Raccoon
Rat
Rhinoceros
Skunk
Slug
Snail (escargot)
Squirrel
Wallaby
Weasel
Wolverine
Worm
All insects except some in the locust family

Marine Animals Without Fins and Scales

Fish 
Bullhead
Catfish
Eel
European Turbot
Marlin
Paddlefish
Shark
Stickleback
Squid
Sturgeon (includes most caviar)
Swordfish

Shellfish

Abalone
Clam
Conch
Crab
Crayfish (crawfish, crawdad)
Lobster
Mussel
Oyster
Scallop
Shrimp (prawn)

Soft body

Cuttlefish
Jellyfish
Limpet
Octopus
Squid (calamari)

Sea mammals 

Dolphin
Otter
Porpoise
Seal
Walrus
Whale

Birds of Prey, Scavengers and Others

Albatross
Bittern
Buzzard
Condor
Coot
Cormorant
Crane
Crow
Cuckoo
Eagle
Flamingo

Grebe
Grosbeak
Gull
Hawk
Heron
Kite
Lapwing
Loon
Magpie
Osprey
Ostrich
Owl
Parrot
Pelican
Penguin
Plover
Rail
Raven
Roadrunner
Sandpiper
Seagull
Stork
Swallow
Swift
Vulture
Water hen
Woodpecker

Reptiles

Alligator
Caiman
Crocodile
Lizard
Snake
Turtle

Amphibians

Blindworm
Frog
Newt
Salamander
Toad


* Some Bibles, including the King James Version, Leviticus 11:18 and Deuteronomy 14:16 list "swan" among unclean birds. However, this seems to be a mistranslation. The original word apparently refers to a kind of owl and is so translated in most modern Bible versions.

The rationale behind the designation of certain creatures as “clean” and others as “unclean” for dietary purposes(Lev. 11; cf. Dt. 14:3-21) has perplexed Bible readers throughout the ages. Possible explanation include:

  1. hygienic reasons (e.g. the fact that pork, especially if not thoroughly cooked, could prove unhealthful and carry disease);

  2. allegorical explanations (the notion that the character of certain animals determined whether or not they were clean – e.g., pigs were thought to exemplify lazy, gluttonous, uncouth behavior and thus were deemed unclean);

  3. arbitrary testing (the idea that God randomly designated some animals as unclean in order to test his people’s obedience);

  4. pagan association (the suggestion that animals labeled “unclean” were whose used in non-Israelite rituals – e.g., certain pagan rites entailed the sacrificed of pigs);

  5. conformity to an ideal (the supposition that only those animals conforming to what was considered “normal” for their species were “clean” – e.g., sea creatures without fins and/or scales were abnormal and therefore unclean); and

  6. heavenly analogy (the notion that “clean” animals constituted God’s own “diet”).

Some of these explanations are plainly far-fetched; indeed. the suggestion that certain foods comprise God’s diet lacks any merit. It is important to note, however, that all of them are hypothetical, unsupported by any specific Biblical teaching. Also, none fully accounts for the distinctions detailed in Leviticus 11. Regardless of which hypothetical rationale, if any, historians may offer for the diet of the ancient Israelites, clearly the distinction between clean and unclean foods ensured them a healthful diet and enabled them to maintain their identity as God’s covenantal people (Da. 1). Adherence to these food laws consecrated the Israelites, setting them apart as holy, just as Yahweh, their God, is holy (Lev. 11:44-47).

Although outside ancient Israel there is no known system as comprehensive in differentiating between permitted and prohibited foods, dietary restriction of one kind or another are attested in the ancient Near East from Egypt to Babylonia. Inscriptions in Egyptian temples include lists of foods (mostly animal products) certain groups of people were not to eat. The cow, for example, was off limits in Dendera, where the goddess Hathor was said to be manifested in bovine form. In Mesopotamia, eating certain animals was prohibited on special occasions, such as rituals in which pigs were sacrificed (otherwise, pork was widely eaten). Numerous ancient cults also had specific taboos regarding food consumption (cf. Col. 2:20-21)

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