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T
tabernacle a dwelling place or place of worship, usually a tent. In Jewish history, the portable sanctuary constructed by Moses as a place of worship for the Hebrew tribes during the period of wandering that preceded their arrival in the Promised Land. Elaborately described in Exodus, it was divided into an outer room, the "holy place," and an inner room, the Holy of Holies, which housed the Ark of the Covenant. With the erection of the Temple of Jerusalem, the Tabernacle no longer served a purpose. In modern Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, the tabernacle is the receptacle on the church altar in which the consecrated elements of the Eucharist are stored.
It then proceeds to detail their descendants. The first generation of descendants is given as:
The identification of several of
the first generation is aided by the inclusion of the second,
although several of their identifications are less certain. (The copy
of the table in the biblical book of 1 Chronicles chapter 1 has
occasional variations in the second generation, most likely caused by
the similarity of Hebrew
letters such as Resh and Daleth). Forms ending in -im are plurals,
probably indicating names of peoples, and not intended as the name of
a single person.
The Babylonian Talmud (Hebrew: talmud "instruction, learning", from a root lmd "teach, study") The Talmud is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs, and history. It is a central text of mainstream Judaism. The Babylonian Talmud, eventually considered to be the most authoritative of the two Talmuds, consists of the Mishnah (c. 200 CE),and commentary by rabbinic teachers mainly of Babylonia; the Palestinian (or Jerusalem) Talmud consists of the Mishnah and commentary mainly by Palestinian rabbinic teachers. Developed during the first to the fifth centuries CE The first written compendium of Judaism's Oral Law; and the Gemara (c. 500 CE), a discussion of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Tanakh. The terms Talmud and Gemara are often used interchangeably. The Gemara is the basis for all codes of rabbinic law and is much quoted in other rabbinic literature. The whole Talmud is also traditionally referred to as Shas, a Hebrew abbreviation of shisha sedarim, the "six orders" of the Mishnah.
See also: (part of the Babylonian Talmud) talent A measure of weight or mass of 3000 shekels. This was the name of three biblical women and one place&ldots; A place mentioned by Ezekiel (47:19; 48:28), on the southeastern border of Palestine. Some suppose this was “Tadmor” (q.v.).
The name of the month was adopted from the Babylonian calendar, in which the month was named after one of the main Babylonian gods, Tammuz (Sumerian: Dumuzid) Holidays in Tammuz 17 Tammuz - Seventeenth of Tammuz – (Fast Day)
Chabad-Lubavitch
Tannaitic Referring to the Tannaim (tannaites), or early generations of rabbinic teachers. The actual period of rabbinic Judaism is generally held to span the period from 70 CE to about 220 CE, the traditional time of compilation of the Mishnah.
A term used among Jews
for the Hebrew
Bible; the Old
Testament. The Jewish scriptures or The sacred book of Judaism, consisting of the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings; the Hebrew Scriptures. The Tanakh consists of 24 books. Tanakh is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible:
(1) The Torah,
''Law,'' or Pentateuch. The Tanakh is used commonly by Jews but unfamiliar to many English speakers and others (Alexander 1999, p. 17). The Tanakh was mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably in Daniel and Ezra) in Biblical Aramaic.
There are ruins of a number of temples, including the chief temple dedicated to Amun, and a very important royal necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period (which contains the only known intact royal Pharaonic burials - the tomb of Tutankhamun having been entered in antiquity). Many of the stones used to build the various temples at Tanis came from the old Ramesside town of Qantir (ancient Pi-Ramesses/Per-Ramesses), which caused many former generations of Egyptologists to believe that Tanis was, in fact, Per-Ramesses. However the burials of three dynasty 21 and dynasty 22 pharaohs--Psusennes I, Amenemope and Shoshenq II, survived the depradations of tomb robbers throughout antiquity. They were discovered intact in 1939 and 1940 by Pierre Montet and proved to contain a large catalogue of gold, jewellry, lapis lazuli and other precious stones including the funerary masks of these kings. The chief deities of Tanis were Amun, his consort, Mut, and their child Khonsu, forming the Tanite triad. This triad was, however, identical to that of Thebes, leading many scholars to speak of Tanis as the "northern Thebes".
A targum is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) written or compiled from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium). The two major genres of Targum reflect two geographical and cultural centers of Jewish life during the period of their creation, namely the Land of Israel and Babylonia. Aramaic was the dominant Jewish language or lingua franca for hundreds of years in these major Jewish communities. To facilitate the study of Tanakh and make its public reading understood, authoritative translations were required. As translations, the targumim largely reflect midrashic interpretation of the Tanakh of the time, and are notable for eschewing anthropomorphisms in favor of allegorical readings. (Rambam, for one, notes this often in The Guide.) This is true both for those targumim that are fairly literal, as well as for those which contain a great many midrashic expansions. The Aramaic Targums were used in the Christian Syriac Church. (See also Peshitta.) Targum Jonathan See Jerusalem Targum Targum Pseudo-Jonathan See Jerusalem Targum Targum Yerushalmi See Jerusalem Targum tarocchi See Tarot tarock See Tarot
The tarot is typically a set of seventy-eight cards, composed of twenty-one trump cards, one Fool, and four suits of fourteen cards each—ten pip and four face cards (one more face card per suit than in Anglo-American playing cards). Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play Tarot card games such as Italian Tarocchini and French Tarot. In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, Tarot cards are utilized primarily for divinatory purposes, with the trump cards plus the Fool card making up the twenty-two major arcana cards and the pip and four face cards the fifty-six minor arcana. The divinatory meanings of the cards are derived mostly from the Kabbalah of Jewish mysticism and from Medival Alchemy tarot cards See Tarot
Tartarus Tartarus is the Greek name for an underworld for the wicked dead; another name for Gehenna or Hell.
Taw'heed Faith See Druse Tebet is the fourth month of the civil year and the tenth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It follows Kislew and precedes Shebat. It is a winter month of 29 days. Tebet usually occurs in December–January on the Gregorian calendar The Gregorian new year's day nearly always occurs in this month. Only rarely will it occur in either of the two neighbouring months. Holidays in Tebet
The First Temple was built by King Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE, culminating in 960 BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. The Temple replaced the Tabernacle of Moses and the Tabernacles at Shiloh, Nov, and Givon as the central focus of Jewish faith. This First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 587 BCE. Construction of a new temple was begun in 537 BCE; after a hiatus, work resumed 520 BCE, with completion occurring in 516 BCE and dedication in 515. As described in the Book of Ezra, rebuilding of the Temple was authorized by Cyrus the Great and ratified by Darius the Great. Five centuries later, this Second Temple was renovated by Herod the Great in about 20 BCE. It was subsequently destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. All of the outer walls still stand, although the Temple itself has long since been destroyed, and for many years it was believed that the western wall of the complex was the only wall standing. An Islamic shrine, the Dome of the Rock, has stood on the site of the Temple since the late 7th Century CE, and the al-Aqsa Mosque, from roughly the same period, also stands on the Temple courtyard. Jewish eschatology envisions the construction of The Third Temple in Jerusalem associated with the coming of The Messiah, and thus, adherents of Orthodox and Conservative Judaism anticipate a Third Temple. On August 30, 2007, what appears to be the remains of the Second Temple were discovered during the installation of pipes in the compound. Then, in October 2007, archaeologists confirmed the discovery of First Temple artifacts.
The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism. Jewish Midrash holds that it was from here that the world expanded into its present form, and that this was where God gathered the dust he used to create the first man, Adam. The Torah records that it was here that God chose to rest his Divine Presence, and consequently two Jewish Temples were built at the site. According to Jewish tradition, the Third Temple will also be located here, and will be the final one. In recent times, due to difficulties in ascertaining the precise location of the Mount's holiest spot, many Jews will not set foot on the Mount itself. In Islam, the site is revered as the destination of Islamic prophet Muhammad's journey to Jerusalem, and the location of his ascent to Heaven, and is also associated with other local Muslim figures of antiquity. The site is the location of the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, the oldest extant Islamic structure in the world. Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim sovereignty over the site, which remains a key issue in the Arab-Israeli conflict. In 1967, the Israeli government assigned a Muslim council, known as the Muslim Waqf, management of the site. The government enforces a controversial ban on prayer by non-Muslim visitors.
List of religious precepts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. They include injunctions to honour God, the Sabbath, and one's parents, as well as bans on idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, theft, false witness, and covetousness. In the book of Exodus, they are divinely revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets. Most scholars propose a date between the 16th and 13th century BC for the commandments, though some date them as late as 750 BC. They were not regarded with deep reverence by Christians until the 13th century. The commandments spoken by God from the top of Mount Sinai and addressed to the Children of Israel seven weeks after the Exodus from Egypt. Subsequently, they were inscribed by God upon the two stone Tablets of the Covenant and given to Moses to be placed in the Ark of the Covenant in the Sanctuary and later in the Temple built by Solomon. According to the Bible, the Ten Commandments are the terms of the Covenant between God and the Israelites at Sinai (Ex. 34:27-28). To impress upon them the unique and profound importance of this Revelation of God's commands, the Israelites were told to prepare themselves by sanctifying themselves, cleansing themselves and their garments, and refraining from sexual intercourse.
Ten Plagues See The Plagues of Egypt
The Ten Precepts (Pali: dasasila or samanerasikkha) may refer to the precepts (training rules) for [Buddhist] samaneras (novice monks) and samaneris (novice nuns). They are used in most Buddhist schools.
See also Sila
teraphim Teraphim are household idols that may have been associated with inheritance rights to the household property. terminus a quo The earliest possible date for a manuscript, event, etc. terminus ad quem The date after which an event, etc. could not have occurred.
According to Jewish practice, if someone commits a sin, a forbidden act, he can be forgiven for that sin if he performs teshuva, which includes:
The first, third, fourth and fifth stages are "before God" and are the standard process of teshuva, a matter to be dealt with between the sinner and God. But if someone has committed a crime against another person to achieve atonement he must first ask the wronged person for forgiveness, and make it up to them. For example, if one stole an object, the stolen item must be returned, or if one has pained someone else in any way, he must be placated. This is an integral part of the teshuva. Guides to the process of repentance in Judaism can be found through the rabbinacal literature, see especially Maimonides' Rules of Repentance in the Mishneh Torah. The High Holidays are times that are especially conducive to teshuva. Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement) is a day of fasting during which judgement for the year is sealed. Therefore, Jews strive their hardest to make certain that they have performed teshuva before the end of the day. When the Temple in Jerusalem was active, a Jew was required to bring various sacrifices for certain types of sins. Although sacrifices were required, the most essential part was teshuva, the person bringing the sacrifice would confess his sins. Presently, with the Temple destroyed, atonement may nevertheless be granted by doing teshuva. tetradrachms Ancient Greek silver coins.
Thebes was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile. It was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome. (Waset was also a name for the city.) It was the capital of Egypt during part of the 11th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom) and most of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom), when Hatshepsut built a Red Sea fleet to facilitate trade between Thebes Red Sea port of Elim, modern Quasir, and Elat at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. Traders bought frankincense, myrrh, bitumen, natron, fine woven linen, juniper oil and copper amulets for the mortuary industry at Karnak with Nubian gold.. With the 19th Dynasty the seat of government moved to the Delta. The archaeological remains of Thebes offer a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its height. The Greek poet Homer extolled the wealth of Thebes in the Iliad, Book 9 (c. 8th Century BC): ". . . in Egyptian Thebes the heaps of precious ingots gleam, the hundred-gated Thebes." The name Thebai is the Greek designation of the ancient Egyptian niwt "(The) City" and niwt-rst "(The) Southern City". At the seat of the Theban triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu, Thebes was known in the Egyptian language from the end of the New Kingdom as niwt-imn, "The City of Amun." This found its way into the Hebrew Bible as (Nahum 3:8),"no" in Hebrew meaning city with "no amon" or "City of Amon" referring to the Egyptian deity Amon-Ra, most likely it is also the same as ("No") (Ezekiel 30:14). In Greek this name was rendered Diospolis, "City of Zeus", as Zeus was the god whom the Greeks identified with Amun. The Greeks surnamed the city megale, "the Great", to differentiate it from numerous other cities called Diospolis. The Romans rendered the name Diospolis Magna. In modern usage, the mortuary temples and tombs on the west bank of the River Nile are generally thought of as part of Thebes. Two towns at or near two important temples on the outskirts of the city are now called Luxor ("The palaces") and al-Karnak. The Bible See Bible
Liber AL vel Legis is the central sacred text of Thelema, written by Aleister Crowley in Cairo, Egypt in the year 1904. Its full title is Liber AL vel Legis, sub figura CCXX, as delivered by XCIII=418 to DCLXVI, and it is commonly referred to as The Book of the Law. Liber AL vel Legis contains three chapters, each of which was written down in one hour, beginning at noon, on April 8, April 9, and April 10. Crowley claims that the author was an entity named Aiwass, whom he later referred to as his personal Holy Guardian Angel (or "Higher Self"). Biographer Lawrence Sutin quotes private diaries that fit this story, and writes that "if ever Crowley uttered the truth of his relation to the Book," his public account accurately describes what he remembered on this point. The teachings within this small book are expressed as the Law of Thelema, usually encapsulated by these two phrases:
The original title of the book was Liber L vel Legis. Crowley retitled it Liber AL vel Legis in 1921, when he also gave the handwritten manuscript the title Liber XXXI. The book is often referred to simply as Liber AL, Liber Legis or just AL, though technically the latter two refer only to the manuscript. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints See Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Curse of Ham
See Curse of Ham
The Darby Translation
a version of The Bible
The Exile See Babylonian captivity
Moses is said to have been abandoned by his mother as a baby on the river in an ark of bulrushes to protect him from the killing of the first born, Pharoahs daughter finds the infant floating in a basket in the river Nile and names him Moses. Moses gets in trouble as a youth and has to flee to Midian where he tends the flocks of Jethro at Mount Horeb for forty years and talks to a burning bush which tells him he must return to Egypt. Moses then returns to lead his people out of Egypt and across the Red Sea to the Mountain of God. Hatshepsut rails against the Hyskos and demands something be done to curb banditry, brigandry, and vagrancy rules c 1473-1458 BC as regent for Thutmosis III There, through Moses, the people receive the laws and commandments. The Israelites receive their laws and enter into a covenant to be law abiding. They then leave Horeb to compass the land of Edom heading Northwest through Kadesh Barnea and Mount Seir to the Brook of Egypt. Heading easterly following the Kings highway south of the Dead Sea to Moab they return to Horab heading through Petra. Finally they enter the land of Canaan heading north up the Arabah between Edom and Midian to Moab continuing along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea to Jehrico. The story ends with Joshuah crossing the Jordan leaving Moses behind. On Moses' return to Egypt, God instructs him to appear before Pharaoh and inform him of God's demand that he let God's people go. Moses and his brother Aaron do so, but Pharaoh refuses. God causes a series of plagues, but Pharaoh does not relent. God instructs Moses to institute the Passover sacrifice among the Israelites, and then God kills all the firstborn children of the Egyptians. Pharaoh agrees to let the Israelites go. Moses explains the meaning of the Passover: it is for Israel's salvation from Egypt, so that the Israelites will not be required to sacrifice their own sons, but to redeem them. The Israelites were led by Moses and Aaron, the goal was to return to where their forefathers had lived and which, according to lore, they had been promised by their God. The Exodus forms the basis of the Jewish holiday of Passover.
This group is unrelated to a faith group called: the "Church of God", "Family of Love" and/or The Family. Charles Manson was the most notorious mass murderer of the 1960s. A would-be musician and charismatic petty criminal, Manson found his way to San Francisco when the 1960s drug culture was at its height. He began to collect followers, assembling a destructive, doomsday cult around himself, which the media later called The Family, and by the end of the decade he and several members of his "family", at one time, it numbered in excess of 100 individuals on borrowed land at the Spahn Ranch some 30 miles northwest of Los Angeles CA. Manson was referred to both as "God" and "Satan" by his followers. As the family's guru, he claimed to be a reincarnation of Jesus Christ. Believing he was a modern incarnation of Jesus Christ, and figuring he could benefit from a race war in America, Manson had come to believe that Armageddon was imminent, in the form of race war, and believed he was destined to be the ultimate beneficiary of it. Manson viewed race war as imminent, describing it as Helter Skelter, "all the wars that have ever been fought, piled on top of each other." He told his followers that this was imminent, but that there was a secret underground world reached by a hole underneath the desert, where they would wait out the war in bliss. He described this many times, and it was a part of their communal belief, so much so that they stocked up supplies and searched for the hole prior to the crimes. Blacks would win the war, but be unable to run the world through lack of experience, and the Family would therefore emerge and run it for them as a benevolent autocracy with Manson at the head of this new world order. The war would be triggered by "some black people coming out of the ghetto and doing atrocious crimes . . . killings . . . writing things in blood." However, by summer 1969, Manson was heard to say that blacks did not know how to start its role in this war, so he would have to show them. Manson convinced several followers to go on a murderous spree in 1969, during which they killed seven people. The most prominent victim was actress Sharon Tate, the wife of film director Roman Polanski. The subsequent murder trial lasted seven months (at that time the longest and most expensive trial in U.S. history), and resulted in guilty verdicts and death sentences for Manson and his followers. (Manson was convicted of planning and encouraging the killings, even if none of them was by his hand.) California outlawed the death penalty in 1972, and Manson was sentenced instead to life in prison. You made your children what they are.... These children that come at you with knives, they are your children. You taught them. I didn't teach them. I just tried to help them stand up.... You can project it back at me, but I am only what lives inside each and every one of you. My father is your system.... I am only what you made me. I am a reflection of you." - Charles Manson Many biographies list his name at birth as "No Name Maddox," but a copy of his birth certificate shows he was given the name Charles Milles Manson several days after his birth... Manson married the former Rosalie Willis, a waitress, in 1955. They had one son, Charles Jr., and were divorced in 1958
This group is formally named the Fellowship of Independent Missionary Communities, but is generally referred to as The Family. They are a high-demand faith group that requires great personal commitment on the part of its members. They emphasize Jesus' teachings against loyalties to one's family-of-origin. They stress Jesus' preaching in favor of poverty and a simple life. The group merges traditional Evangelical Christian beliefs and practices with the belief in universal salvation, contacts with spirits, communal living, and free love among adults within the group. They are a favorite target of the counter-cult movement who attack its unorthodox theological beliefs. They are also attacked by the anti-cult movement who accuse it of mind control and criminal sexual practices involving children. The latter accusations appear to be have had some basis in fact in the past. However, the group has taken efforts to prevent such abuse from occurring in the present and future. They are a popular subject for study by academics who are interested in new religious movements. Studies have given "The Family" a clean bill of health in recent years. The Five Ways See Five Ways The Flood See Deluge
The Geneva Bible
a version of The Bible The Great Flood See Deluge The Great Revolt See Great Revolt
The term theism was first used by Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688), and was probably coined to contrast with atheism, a term attested from ca. 1587. Theism can be categorized into more particular types, such as monotheism (in which case the word God is capitalized) and polytheism.
Theistic evolution is not a theory
in the scientific sense, but a particular view about how the science
of evolution relates to religious belief and interpretation. Theistic
evolution supporters can be seen as one of the groups who reject the
conflict thesis regarding the relationship between religion and
science —that is, they hold that religious teachings about
creation and scientific theories of evolution need not contradict. In
describing early proponents of this viewpoint, it is sometimes
described as Christian Darwinism. A very similar view is evolutionary creationism.
The land of Goshen See Goshen The land of Rameses See Goshen
The Latin Vulgate
a version of The Bible
In the 16th century, François Rabelais used Thélème, the French form of the word, as the name of a fictional Abbey in his famous books, Gargantua and Pantagruel. The only rule of this Abbey was "fay çe que vouldras" ("Fais ce que tu veux," or, "Do what thou wilt"). This rule was revived and used in the real world in the mid 18th century by Sir Francis Dashwood, who inscribed it on a doorway of his abbey at Medmenham, where it served as the motto of The Hellfire Club. The same rule was used in 1904 by Aleister Crowley in The Book of the Law. This book contains both the phrase "Do what thou wilt" and the word Thelema in Greek, which Crowley took for the name of the philosophical, mystical and religious system which he subsequently developed. This system includes ideas from occultism, Yoga, and both Eastern and Western mysticism (especially the Qabalah). Shri Gurudev Mahendranath, in speaking of svecchachara, the Sanskrit equivalent of the phrase "Do what thou wilt", wrote that "Rabelais, Dashwood, and Crowley must share the honor of perpetuating what has been such a high ideal in most of Asia." The Lord's Prayer See The Lord's Prayer Here The Masoretic Text See Masoretic Text The Message 1. Could be referred to as "The Message" of God found within reading the Bible. 2. a version of The Bible - see The Message
The period comprises two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th Dynasty onwards which was centred around el-Lisht. These two dynasties were originally considered to be the full extent of this unified kingdom, but historians now consider the 13th Dynasty to at least partially belong to the Middle Kingdom. the middle sea See Mediterranean Sea
The term itself was coined by nineteenth century historians and the distinction between the Old Kingdom and the Early Dynastic Period is not one which would have been recognized by Ancient Egyptians. Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the 'capital', the royal residence, remained at Ineb-Hedg, the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis. The basic justification for a separation between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of large-scale building projects. The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as spanning the period of time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686 BC – 2134 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period. The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids, which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids."
This term has been used to refer to appearances of the gods in the ancient Greek and Near Eastern religions. While the Iliad is our earliest source for descriptions of theophanies in the Classical tradition (and they occur throughout Greek mythology), probably the earliest description of a theophany is in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The term theophany has acquired a specific usage for Jews and Christians with respect to the Bible: It refers to the manifestation of God to man; the sensible sign by which the presence of God is revealed. If the word is taken in this sense, and the passages which merely mention the fact of a revelation - without describing it - are separated from those which speak of the "angel of God," only a small number of theophanies are found in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Old Testament.) Some Christian Bible commentators interpret “the angel of the Lord,” who appears in several places throughout the Old Testament, to be the pre-incarnate Christ, which is Jesus before his manifestation into human form, as described in the New Testament. For the Christian holiday, see Epiphany (holiday).
The word has its origin in the Greek language and is derived from the same root as the English word theory. Theoria is used to express the experience of life as "one who watches a play or activity", the state of "being" is defined as spectator. Hence it means to focus one's attention exclusively on one thing, Beauty and or God being the object of focus. The act of experiencing and or observing is through the nous or "eye of the soul" Matthew 6:22-6:34. Apperception through faith in God (action through faith and love for God), leads to truth through our contemplative faculties. This theory, or speculation, as action in faith and love for God, is then expressed famously as "Beauty shall Save the World". This expression of the idea comes from a religious gnosiology perspective (rather than say, a scientific or cultural one).
The Pope See Pope
A conservative branch of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the nontheistic ideal of self-purification to nirvana and is dominant in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. Major form of Buddhism, prevalent in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. It is the only survivor among the Hinayana schools of Buddhism, and it is generally regarded as the oldest, most orthodox, and most conservative form of Buddhism. It is relatively uninfluenced by other indigenous belief systems. It is believed to have survived intact from the 500 Elders, who followed in the tradition of the monks of the first Buddhist sangha. Theravada has no hierarchical authority structure, though seniority is respected in the sangha. It accepts the Pali canon (see Tripitaka) as authoritative scripture. Theravadins revere the historical Buddha but do not recognize the various celestial buddhas and ancillary gods associated with Mahayana Buddhism. The Roman Sea See Mediterranean Sea The Sea See Mediterranean Sea or The Dead Sea The Ten Sefirot See The Ten Sefirot Here
The Tyndale Bible
referred to as Tyndale New Testament
a version of The Bible The Upper Sea See Mediterranean Sea
The Webster Bible
a version of The Bible The White Sea See Mediterranean Sea
The Wycliffe Bible
a version of The Bible
3 John—the second-shortest book of the Christian Bible by number of verses and shortest in regard to number of words (according to the Authorized King James Version)—is written by a man identified only as "the presbyteros". While the letter is addressed to Gaius (Caius), scholars are uncertain if this Caius is the Christian Caius in Macedonia (Acts 19:29), the Caius in Corinth (Romans 16:23) or the Caius in Derbe (Acts 20:4). Indications within the letter suggest a genuine private letter, written to commend to Gaius a party of Christians led by Demetrius, who were strangers to the place where he lived, and who had gone on a mission to preach the gospel (verse 7). The purpose of the letter is to encourage and strengthen Caius, and to warn him against the party headed by Diotrephes, who refuses to cooperate with the presbyteros who is writing. See also:
Thirteen attributes of God See Thirteen Attributes of Mercy
thirteen sanghadisesas See sanghadisesas
The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies: The system is most apt in describing the progression of European and Mediterranean societies, although it has been used to describe other histories as well. The system has been criticised for being too technologically determinist.
The Tiberian system of vocalization for the Tanakh represented its own local tradition. Two other local traditions that created written systems during the same period are referred to geographically as the vocalization of the "Land of Israel" (not identical to Tiberias; perhaps the South of the country) and the Babylonian vocalization. The former tradition has evolved to the contemporary Hebrew pronunciation (via its successor, Sephardi Hebrew) in Israel, although its graphic system was abandoned. The Babylonian system was dominant in some areas for many centuries, and the vocalization, though not the graphic system, may survive to this day in the form of Yemenite Hebrew. Unlike the Tiberian system, which mostly places vowel points under the Hebrew letters, the system of the "Land of Israel" and the Babylonian system mostly place them above the letters, and are thus termed "supralinear" vocalization. As mentioned above, the Tiberian points were designed to reflect a specific oral tradition for reading the Tanakh. Later they were applied to other texts (one of the earliest being the Mishnah), and used widely by Jews in other places with different oral traditions for how to read Hebrew. Thus the Tiberian vowel points and cantillation signs became a common part of Hebrew writing.
also called the Sea of Galilee (q.v.) and of Gennesaret. In the Old Testament it is called the Sea of Chinnereth or Chinneroth. John (21:1) is the only evangelist who so designates this lake. His doing so incidentally confirms the opinion that he wrote after the other evangelists, and at a period subsequent to the taking of Jerusalem (A.D. 70). Tiberias had by this time become an important city, having been spared by the Romans, and made the capital of the province when Jerusalem was destroyed. It thus naturally gave its name to the lake.
1.
2. The Tibeto-Burman language of the Tibetans.
Tiferet or Tifereth, Tyfereth, Tiphereth - also known as Rakhamim ("Mercy", Hebrew) or Shalom ("Peace", Hebrew) - is the sixth sefira in the Tree of Life in Kabbalah, which is the spirituality of Rabbinic Judaism. It has the common association of "Spirituality", "Balance", "Integration", "Beauty", "Miracles", "Compassion", and "Masculinity". Tiferet is the force that integrates the sefira of Khesed ("Compassion") and Gevurah ("Overpowering"). These two forces are, respectively, expansive (giving) and restrictive (receiving). Either of them without the other could not manifest the flow of Divine energy; they must be balanced in perfect proportion (by sharing), and this is the role of Tiferet, wherein the conflicting forces are harmonized, and creation flowers forth. Tiferet is unique amongst the Sephirot as it is connected to all the other Sephirot (except Malkuth and Daath) via the subjective paths of the unconscious. Its position down the center between Keter and Yesod indicates to many Kabbalists that it is somewhat of a "converting" Sephirot between form (Yesod) and force (Keter). In other words, all crossing over the middle path via Tiferet results in a reversed polarity. The law of conservation of energy and mass tends to corroborate this - in all cases of energy transmutation, a sacrifice is necessary so a new form may be born. Tiferet is the middle of the tree. Five Sefirot surround it: above are Chesed at the right (south) and Gevurah at the left (north), and below are Netzach at the right, Hod at the left, and Yesod directly below. Together these six comprise a single entity, Zer Anpin, which is the masculine counterpart of the feminine sefira Malkuth. In certain contexts, Tiferet alone represents all the sefirot of Zer Anpin, so that the entire tree appears with only five sefirot: Keter, Chochmah, Binah, Tiferet, and Malkhut.
In the standard tree, Tiferet has eight paths, leading (counterclockwise) to Keter (through Daat), Binah, Gevurah, Hod, Yesod, Netsach, Chesed, and Chokmah.
Tiferet can be also a variation of the word "Tifarah" and in Modern Hebrew used in Israel is translated as "Glory" (from God - "Elohim, Adonay)
It was in the mountainous region of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash. Some identify the place with Kifl Hares about 30 km southwest of Shechem, located northwest of Ariel. Timnath-serah See Timnath-heres above
In Jainism, a Tirthankar is a human being who achieves enlightenment (perfect knowledge) through asceticism and who then becomes a role-model teacher for those seeking spiritual guidance. A Tirthankar is a special sort of arhat (someone who has totally conquered anger, pride, deceit, desire, etc.). A Tirthankar is so called because they are the founder of a "Tirth" (lit. 'ford'), a Jain community which acts as a "ford" across the "river of human misery". After achieving enlightenment, a Tirthankar shows others the path to enlightenment. The Tirthankar's religious teachings form the Jain canons. The inner knowledge of all Tirthankars is perfect and identical in every respect, for the teachings of one Tirthankar do not contradict those of another. However, the degree of elaboration varies according to the spiritual advancement and purity of humans during that period. The higher the spiritual advancement and purity of mind, the lower the elaboration required. At the end of his human life-span, a Tirthankar achieves liberation ('moksh' or 'nirvan'), ending the cycle of infinite births and deaths. Jainism states time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. There have been an infinite number of time cycles before our present era and there will be an infinite number of time cycles after this age. At the beginning of the twenty first century, we are approximately 2,530 years into the fifth era of the present half cycle. Twenty four Tirthankars are born in each half cycle of time (that is forty eight in each full cycle), in this part of the universe. In our current (descending) half cycle of time, the first Tirthankar Rishabh Dev, lived billions of years ago and attained liberation ('moksh' or 'nirvan') towards the end of the third era. The 24th and last Tirthankar was Mahavir Swami (599-527 BC), whose existence is a historically accepted fact. Digambaras believe that all twenty four Tirthankars were men but Svetambaras believe that the 19th Tirthankar, Mallinath, was a woman. The next Tirthankar in our part of the universe will be born at the beginning of the third era of the next (ascending) half cycle of time, in approximately 81,500 years. As Tirthankars direct us to enlightenment, their statues are worshipped in Jain temples by Jains aspiring to achieve enlightenment. Tirthankars are not God or gods. Jainism does not believe in the existence of God in the sense of a creator, and gods are beings superior to humans but, nevertheless, not fully enlightened.
Tishrei is the first month of the civil year and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year in the Hebrew calendar. The name comes from the Talmud. In the Bible it is called Ethanim (I Kings 8:2). It is an autumn month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar, and coincides with either the eighth or ninth month of the Chinese calendar, though the Chinese calendar starts the day at 11:00 pm rather than at sunset. Holidays in Tishrei:
1-2 Tishrei - Rosh
Hashanah Tishri See Tishrei
The Roman Curia maintains a regular position on titular sees. It states: It is the custom of the apostolic see to confer on these bishops the title of one of those churches which in days past flourished with the splendor of virtue and the progress of religion, even though as a result of the changes and ravages of time they may now have lost their ancient resplendent glory. While the Vatican hopes that titular sees will one day become active dioceses once again, it realizes in most cases the chances of that happening are low. Some titular sees appear also to remain vacant for oecumenical reasons (e.g. a number of those in the immediate vicinity of Greek Orthodox patriarchates). TJB abbreviation for The Jerusalem Bible TLB abbreviation for The Living Bible The term "Torah" (Hebrew: "teaching" or "instruction," sometimes translated as "Law,"), or Five Books of Moses or Pentateuch, refers to the entirety of Judaism's founding legal and ethical religious texts. When used with an indefinite article, "a Torah" usually refers to a "Sefer Torah" ("book of Torah") or Torah scroll, written on parchment in a formal, traditional manner by a specially trained scribe under very strict requirements. The Torah is the most holy of the sacred writings in Judaism Torah, known as The Written Law, consists of the books of the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh. The term "Bible" is more commonly used by non-Jews, as are the terms "Old Testament" and "New Testament." The appropriate term for Jews to use for the Hebrew Bible is "Tanakh." Tanakh is an acronym for Torah, Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings).
The word "Torah" has the following meanings: 1. A scroll made from kosher animal parchment, with the entire text of the Five Books of Moses. written in it by a sofer [ritual scribe]. This is the most limited definition. 2. More often, this term means the text of the Five Books of Moses., written in any format, whether Torah scroll, paperback book, CDROM, skywriting or any other media. Any printed version of the Torah (with or without commentary) can be called a Chumash or Pentateuch; however, one never refers to a Torah Scroll as a Chumash. 3. The term "Torah" can mean the entire corpus of Jewish law. This includes the Written and the Oral Law, which includes the Mishna, the Midrash, the Talmud and even later day legal commentaries. This definition of Torah is probably the most common among Orthodox Jews. Torah literally means instruction, and does not mean law (as others have come to define as). For the word law, the Hebrew word khoq, literally law or decree, is the correct word for translation. [Hebrew tôrâ, law, instruction, from hôrâ, to throw, direct, teach, derived stem of ya-râ, to throw, shoot.]
For the minor tractate, see Derekh Eretz (talmud). Torah im Derech Eretz is a philosophy of Orthodox Judaism articulated by Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888), which formalizes a relationship between traditionally observant Judaism and the modern world. Some refer to the resultant mode of Orthodox Judaism as Neo-Orthodoxy.
Orthodox Judaism continues to accept the Oral Torah in its totality. Masorti and Conservative Judaism state that the Oral Tradition is to some degree divinely inspired, but disregard its legal elements in varying degrees. Reform Judaism also gives some credence to the Talmud containing the legal elements of the Oral Torah, but, as with the written Torah, asserts that both were inspired by, but not dictated by, God. Reconstructionist Judaism denies any connection of the Torah, Written or Oral, with God.
Torah Umadda is a philosophy of Modern Orthodox Judaism, concerning the interrelationship between the secular world and Judaism, and in particular between secular knowledge and Jewish knowledge. The resultant mode of Orthodox Judaism is referred to as "Centrist Orthodoxy." Torah Umadda, as formulated today, is to a large extent a product of the teachings and philosophy of Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik (1903-1993), Rosh Yeshiva at Yeshiva University. “The Rav” articulated a paradigm which allowed for a "synthesis" between Torah scholarship and Western, secular scholarship, as well as positive involvement with the broader community; see Rav Soloveitchik’s philosophy and below. Soloveitchik himself did not use the term, but some of his students characterize his legacy using the term. Torah Umadda remains closely associated with Yeshiva University. In the view of Torah Umadda, "Jewishness and Jewish faith . . . and the universal concerns and preoccupations of humanity" are not "fundamentally inapposite"; Judaism and culture are, "in essence part of one continuum". Jewish knowledge and secular knowledge, Torah and Madda, do not, therefore, require "substantive reconciliation" (Norman Lamm, Torah Umadda pp. 142-43); in fact, the study of Torah with other knowledge results in a heightened and enriched Judaism. As articulated by Rabbi Norman Lamm, in a widely quoted paragraph: Torah, faith, religious learning on one side and Madda, science, worldly knowledge on the other, together offer us a more over-arching and truer vision than either one set alone. Each set gives one view of the Creator as well as of His creation, and the other a different perspective that may not agree at all with the first ... Each alone is true, but only partially true; both together present the possibility of a larger truth. (ibid, p. 236)
Tosafists were medieval rabbis known in Talmudical scholarship as Rishonim who created critical and explanatory glosses (questions, notes, rulings and sources) on the Talmud. These were collectively called Tosafot ("additions"). Tosafos See Tosafot (Hebrew) Not to be confused with Tosefta. Series of commentaries on 30 of the tractates of the Talmud; scholars have debated whether the word tosafot is meant to imply an "addition" to the talmudic text, or, what is more likely, to Rashi's Commentary on the Talmud. They take the form of critical and explanatory glosses, printed, in almost all Talmud editions, on the outer margin and opposite Rashi's notes. The authors of the Tosafot are known as Tosafists ("ba'ale ha-tosafot"). The Tosafot were not written by a single individual but were the product of an entire school of scholars known as the Tosafists and numbering about 300 individuals who lived in France and, later, Germany between the 12th and the 14th centuries.
This is one of the five points of Calvinism. The doctrine, primarily held by conservative Christians, that every part of a person has been hopelessly damaged by sin. None would seek out God unless God first intervenes in their life. "Man is spiritually dead and unable to save himself or even believe without God's help." See Romans 3:9. Total inability See Total Depravity
Babel is the Hebrew equivalent of Akkadian Babilu (Greek Babylon), a cosmopolitan city typified by a confusion of languages. The Tower of Babel has often been associated with known structures, notably the Etemenanki, the ziggurat to Marduk, by Nabopolassar (610s BC). A Sumerian story with some similar elements is preserved in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta.
For an image see basilica The principal account is that in the Synoptic Gospels; 2 Peter and the Gospel of John may also briefly allude to the event (2 Peter 1:16-18, John 1:14). Peter describes himself as an eyewitness "of his sovereign majesty." None of the accounts identifies the "high mountain" of the scene by name. The earliest identification of the mountain as Mount Tabor is in the 5th century Transitus Beatae Mariae Virginis. RT France notes that Mount Hermon is closest to Caesarea Philippi, mentioned in the previous chapter of Matthew. See more about The Transfiguration of Jesus here in more detail
1. A tall palm (Mauritia flexuosa) of northern South America having large fan-shaped leaves and used for food, fiber, and building. 2. A tree in the Garden of Eden whose fruit, if eaten, gave everlasting life. The Tree of Life in The Book of Genesis is a tree planted by God in midst of the Garden of Eden (Paradise), whose fruit gives everlasting life, i.e. immortality. Together with the Tree of Life, God planted the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil (Genesis 2:9). After eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, the biblical account states that Adam and Eve were exiled from the Garden of Eden to prevent them from eating of the Tree of Life: And the Lord God said, "The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever." (Genesis 3:22) By questioning God's word and authority, the serpent, who is regarded in Christianity as Satan but not by Jews, initially tempted Eve into eating fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, an act explicitly forbidden by God. The serpent tempted Eve by suggesting that eating the fruit would cause her to become as wise as God, having knowledge of good and evil. Eve ate the fruit, in rebellion against God's command and later so did her husband, Adam, despite God's warning that "in the day that you eat from it you shall surely die" (Genesis 2:17). As a consequence of their sin, Adam and Eve were banished from the Garden of Eden and denied access to the Tree of Life. Separated from the Tree of Life, Adam and Eve became mortal and died, as God had said. The Genesis narrative of the banishment from the Garden of Eden is balanced in the New Testament by the planting of the Tree of Life on mankind's side of the divide. In the Book of Revelation, a Koine Greek phrase xylon zoës is mentioned 3 times. This phrase, which literally means "wood of life" is translated in nearly every English Bible version as "tree of life", see Revelation 2:7, 22:2, and 22:19. The Tree of Life is represented in several examples of sacred geometry, and is central in particular to Kabbalah (the mystic study of the Torah) where it is represented as diagram of ten points . It is also a recurrent theme in many other religions.
The Tribe of Asher was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height, Asher dwelled in western Galilee, a region with comparatively low temperature, and much rainfall, making it some of the most fertile land in Canaan, with rich pasture, wooded hills, and orchards; as such Asher was particularly prosperous, and known for its olive oil. The Blessing of Moses appears to prophecy this, though textual scholars view this as a clear case of postdiction. Despite the connection to this general geographic region, it is difficult to determine from the Torah the exact boundaries of the tribe, to the extent that it is even uncertain whether Asher even had continuous territory. Sites which according to the Bible were allocated to Asher, and whose locations have since been identified, appear to be a scattered distribution of settlements rather than a compact and well-defined tribal region. Despite appearing to have had good contact with the markets of Phoenicia, Asher appears, throughout its history, to have been fairly disconnected from the other tribes of Israel; additionally it seems to have taken little part in the antagonism portrayed in the Bible between the Canaanites and the other tribes, for example in the war involving Barak and Sisera. Critical scholars generally conclude that Asher consisted of certain clans that were affiliated with portions of the Israelite tribal confederation, but were never incorporated into the body politic. The Ashurites are mentioned in the Old Testament among those over whom Ish-bosheth was made king (2 Samuel 2:9). According to the Torah, the tribe was founded by an individual, Asher the eighth son of Jacob, from whom it took its name. Critical scholars view this as an eponymous metaphor. Asher is one of the two descendants of Zilpah, a handmaid of Jacob, the other being Gad; critical scholars claim that the authors intended this to mean Asher and Gad were not of entirely of Israelite origin.
The Tribe of Benjamin was one of
the Tribes of Israel. At its height, the
territory it occupied was sandwiched between that of Ephraim
to the north and Judah
to the south, with the Jordan
River as the eastern border, and included many historically
important cities, such as Bethel, Gibeah,
and encroached on the northern hills of Jerusalem.
Its situation, between the leading tribe of the Kingdom
of Israel (Ephraim), and the leading tribe of the Kingdom
of Judah (Judah), is seemingly prophesied in the Blessing
of Moses, where it is described as dwelling between YHWH's
shoulders, though textual scholars view this as postdiction - the
poem being written long after the tribe had settled there. The Tribe of Dan was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height, the territory it occupied was the most northerly region occupied by the Israelite tribes, and was situated to the north of the Galilee, and west of the Jordan, stretching north as far as Laish, Dan's main city (which became known as Dan in consequence).
In the Biblical census of the Book
of Numbers, the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the largest Israelite
tribe. Some textual scholars regard the census as being from the
Priestly Source, dating it to around the 7th century BC,
and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors, though this
still implies that Dan was one of the largest tribes at a point fresh
to the memories of the 7th century BC.
In the Blessing of Moses,
which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly
earlier than the deuteronomist, Dan is
seemingly prophesied to leap from Bashan; scholars are uncertain why
this should be since the tribe are not recorded as having ever been
resident in the Bashan plain, which lies to the east of the Jordan. The Tribe of Ephraim was one of the Tribes of Israel; together with the Tribe of Manasseh, Ephraim also formed the House of Joseph. At its height, the territory it occupied was at the center of Canaan, west of the Jordan, south of the territory of Manasseh, and north of the Tribe of Benjamin; the region which was later named Samaria (as distinguished from Judea or Galilee) mostly consisted of Ephraim's territory. The area was mountainous, giving it protection, but also highly fertile, giving prosperity, and contained the early centers of Israelite religion - Shechem and Shiloh. These factors contributed to making Ephraim the most dominant of the tribes in the Kingdom of Israel, and led to Ephraim becoming a synonym for the entire kingdom.
Evidently there was an obvious
linguistic difference between the Tribe of Ephraim and other Israelites,
since at a time when the Israelites
of Gilead, under the leadership of Jephthah, fought the Tribe of
Ephraim, the pronunciation of shibboleth as sibboleth was considered
sufficient evidence to single out individuals from Ephraim, so that
they could be subjected to immediate death by the Israelites
of Gilead.
The Tribe of Gad was one of the Tribes
of Israel. At its height, Gad occupied a region to the east of
the River Jordan,
though the exact location is ambiguous; among the cities mentioned by
the Bible as having at some
point been part of Gad were Ramoth, Jaezer, Aroer, and Dibon, though
some of these are marked elsewhere as belonging to Reuben. The
location was never secure from invasion and attacks, since to the
south it was exposed to the Moabites,
and like the other tribes east of the Jordan
River was exposed on the north and east to Aram-Damascus
and later the Assyrians. According to the Torah, the tribe was founded by Issachar, the ninth son of Jacob, and a son of Leah, from whom it took its name; however Biblical scholars view this also as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation. According to this biblical passage, the name Issachar refers to Leah hiring Jacob's sexual favours at the cost of some Mandrakes; this suggests the etymology is ish-sachar, literally meaning man of hire, though some Jewish sources take it instead to mean reward or recompense, in reference to Issachar being the result of Jacob being hired.
A number of scholars think that
some of the Israelite
tribes actually originated as part of the sea peoples. Issachar may
be one of these, since in Egyptian accounts there is a tribe of sea
peoples named Shekelesh; Shekelesh is here believed to be composed
from shekel-ish, meaning men of the shekel, a
meaning synonymous with Issachar's man of hire. The biblical passage
in which Leah is described as Issachar's matriarch is one which is
regarded by textual scholars as having been spliced together from its
sources in a manner which has highly corrupted the narrative; Leah as
a matriarch is interpreted to suggest that the text's authors
believed the tribe to be one of the original Israelite
groups, and it is having a handmaiden - Bilhah
or Zilpah - as a matriarch
that would have indicated a foreign origin. In the ancient Song
of Deborah, Issachar is closely associated with Naphtali, which
itself does have a handmaiden as matriarch, and at one point the text
appears to have been changed by the word Issachar being inserted
instead of Naphtali
At its height, the territory of
Joseph spanned the Jordan River,
the eastern portion being almost entirely discontinuous from the
western portion, only slightly touching at one corner - north east of
the western portion and the south west of the eastern portion. The
western portion was at the centre of Canaan,
west of the Jordan,
between the Tribe of Issachar on the north, and Tribe of Benjamin on
the south; the region which was later named Samaria (as
distinguished from Judea or Galilee)
mostly consisted of the western portion of Joseph. The eastern
portion of Joseph was the northernmost Israelite
group on the east of the Jordan,
occupying the land north of the tribe of Gad, extending from the
Mahanaim in the south to Mount Hermon in the north, and including
within it the whole of Bashan. These territories abounded in water, a
precious commodity in Canaan,
and the mountainous portions not only afforded protection, but
happened to be highly fertile; early centres of Israelite
religion - Shechem and Shiloh - were additionally situated in the
region. The territory of Joseph was thus one of the most valuable
parts of the country, and the House of Joseph became the most
dominant group in the Kingdom of Israel.
Tribe of Manasseh See
Tribe of Manasseh here The Tribe of Naphtali was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height, Naphtali occupied the eastern side of the Galilee (on the immediate west of the Sea of Galilee), in the areas now known as the Lower Galilee, and Upper Galilee, and was bordered on the west by Asher, in the north by Dan, in the south by Zebulun, and by the Jordan River on the east; the most significant city was Hazor. In this region, bordering the Sea of Galilee, was the highly fertile plain of Gennesaret, characterised by Josephus as the ambition of nature, an earthly paradise, and with the southern portion of the region acting as a natural pass between the highlands of Canaan, several major roads (such as those from Damascus to Tyre and Acre) ran through it. The prosperity this situation brought is seemingly prophesied in the Blessing of Moses, though textual scholars view this as a clear case of postdiction, dating the poem to well after the tribe had been established in the land.
According to the Torah, the tribe was founded by an individual, Reuben, the first son of Jacob, and a son of Leah, from whom it took its name; however some Biblical scholars view this as a postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation. With Leah as a matriarch, Biblical scholars regard the tribe as having been believed by the text's authors to have been part of the original Israelite confederation.
In the biblical account, Reuben
are portrayed as having arrived east of the Jordan
after leaving Egypt, but rather than taking land
on the west of the Jordan,
after conquering it under Joshua,
instead took land on the east, as they owned a large number of
cattle, and the territory seemed suitable for pasture. Israel
Finkelstein et al., however, have claimed that lack of evidence for a
systematic conquest or the abrupt appearance of a new culture
indicates that the Israelites
simply arose as a subculture within Canaanite society.
The territory of Reuben encapsulated the territory of the earlier
kingdom of Sihon. The Tribe of Simeon was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height, the territory it occupied was in the southwest of Canaan, bordered on the east and south by the tribe of Judah; the boundaries with the tribe of Judah are vague, and it seems that Simeon may have been an enclave within the west of the territory of the tribe of Judah. Simeon was one of the less significant tribes in the Kingdom of Judah. The tribe was “divided and scattered” according to the prediction in Gen. 49:5-7. They gradually dwindled in number, and sank into a position of insignificance among the other tribes. They decreased in the wilderness by about two-thirds (compare Num. 1:23; 26:14). Moses pronounces no blessing on this tribe. It is passed by in silence (Deut. 33). This tribe received as their portion a part of the territory already allotted to Judah (Josh. 19:1-9). It lay in the southwest of the land, with Judah on the east and Dan on the north; but whether it was a compact territory or not cannot be determined. The subsequent notices of this tribe are but few (1 Chr. 4:24-43). Like Reuben on the east of Jordan, this tribe had little influence on the history of Israel. According to the Torah, the tribe was founded by an individual, Simeon the second son of Jacob, and of Leah, from whom it took its name; however some Biblical scholars view this as postdiction, an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation. With Leah as a matriarch, Biblical scholars believe the tribe to have been regarded by the text's authors to have been part of the original Israelite confederation. However, the tribe is not mentioned in the ancient Song of Deborah, and some scholars think that Simeon was not originally regarded as a distinct tribe; according to Israel Finkelstein, the south of Canaan, in which Simeon was situated, was simply an insignificant rural backwater at the time the poem was written.
The Tribe of Zebulun was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height, the territory it occupied was at the southern end of the Galilee, with its eastern border being the Sea of Galilee, the western border being the Mediterranean Sea, the south being bordered by the Tribe of Issachar, and the north by Asher on the western side and Naphtali on the eastern.
The Tribulation is an event referred to in the New Testament of the Bible at Matthew 24:21 ("For then shall be great tribulation..." - King James Version) and other passages. In the futurist view of Christian eschatology, the Tribulation is a relatively short period of time where people who follow God will experience worldwide persecution and be purified and strengthened by it. In the Christian preterist view the Tribulation took place in the past when Roman legions destroyed Jerusalem and its temple in AD 70, and it affected the Jewish people rather than all mankind.
Fundamental doctrine in Christianity, by which God is considered as existing in three persons. While the doctrine is not explicitly taught in the New Testament, early Christian communities testified to a perception that Jesus was God in the flesh; the idea of the Trinity has been inferred from the Gospel of St. John. The developed doctrine of the Trinity purports that God exists in three coequal and coeternal elements—God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit (see Nicene Creed). It sees these “persons” as constituted by their mutual relations, yet does not mean that God in his essence is Father, or a male deity. Jesus spoke of a relation of mutual giving and love with the Father, which believers could also enjoy through the Spirit. The Trinity is commemorated liturgically in the Western Church on Trinity Sunday. For systems denying the Trinity, see Unitarianism. Though the word trinity, like other terms, such as monotheism, that express concepts fundamental to Christianity, is not found in either the Old Testament or the New Testament, the doctrine developed from the biblical language used in New Testament passages such as the baptismal formula in Matthew 28:19.
Collective term for the three major divisions of the Pali canon, the canon of Theravada Buddhism. (The term means "Triple Basket.") It consists of the Abhidhamma Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Vinaya Pitaka, which were transmitted orally by the sangha until they were committed to writing about 500 years after the Buddha's death. The texts appeared in two languages, Sanskrit and Pali, the Pali version being the better preserved. Sanskrit versions were translated into Tibetan, Chinese, and other languages.
"Tu Bishvat" is a minor Jewish holiday in the Hebrew month of Shevat, usually sometime in late January or early February, that marks the "New Year of the Trees" (Hebrew: Rosh HaShanah La'Ilanot?). Tu Bishvat is one of four "New Years" mentioned in the Mishnah. Customs include planting trees and eating dried fruits and nuts, especially figs, dates, raisins, carob, and almonds. In Israel, the flowering of the almond tree, which grows wild around the country, coincides with Tu Bishvat.
The Twelve Apostles or Twelve Disciples were, according to the synoptic gospels (i.e., the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke) and Christian tradition, disciples (followers) whom Jesus of Nazareth had chosen, named, and trained in order to send them on a specific mission, the establishment of the Christian Church by evangelism, the spreading of the "good news", after being sent the Holy Spirit as "helper" (paraclete) in this task at Pentecost. The Apostles are portrayed in the New Testament as having been Galilean Jews. The names of the majority of them are Hebrew names, although some had Greek names. That the Twelve Apostles were all Jews is supported in several ways. Jesus’ statements that his mission is directed only to those of the house of Israel (Matthew 10:1-6, Matthew 15:22-24, Luke 22:30) imply that the Twelve Apostles and others closest to Jesus were all Jews, as does the fact that only after the death of Jesus did the apostles agree with Paul that the teaching of the gospel could be extended to uncircumcised Gentiles (Acts 15:1-31, Galatians 2:7-9, Acts 10:1-11:18). For Christians who view the Hebrew prophets as speaking of Jesus and Christianity, support for the Jewishness of the Apostles is found, on the one hand, in the prophetic assertions that it was the Jews whom God had chosen to bring all the nations (the "Gentiles") to faith in him, and that, on the other hand, Jesus appointed the Twelve Apostles kingship and told them that they will sit on thrones administering the affairs of the twelve tribes of Israel. Even the "supernumerary Apostle", the "Apostle to the Gentiles", Saul of Tarsus, who said that Jesus revealed himself to him only after his ascension and appointed him to his mission (Acts 9:1-19, Galatians 1:11-12), was a Jew by birth, and always proud of it, (Galatians 1:14) although since his conversion to Jesus he became known by the Greek name Paul (Acts 13:9). The Gospel of Mark states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs (Mark 6:7-13, cf. Matthew 10:5-42, Luke 9:1-6), to towns in Galilee. Literal readings of the text state that their initial instructions were to heal the sick and drive out demons, and in the Gospel of Matthew to raise the dead, but some scholars read this more metaphorically as instructions to heal the spiritually sick and thus to drive away wicked behaviour. They are also instructed to "take nothing for their journey, except a staff only: no bread, no wallet, no money in their purse, but to wear sandals, and not put on two tunics", and that if any town rejects them they ought to shake the dust off their feet as they leave, a gesture which some scholars think was meant as a contemptuous threat (Miller 26). Their carrying of just a staff (Matthew and Luke say not even a staff) is sometimes given as the reason for the use by Christian Bishops of a staff of office, in those denominations that believe they maintain an apostolic succession. There is also evidence that follows those marked Apostle. Paul made his case to the Corinthian Church that he was an apostle by the evidence of God's (Jesus Christ's) power working through him. Paul states clearly, "Truly the signs of an apostle were worked among you in all patience, in signs and wonders and mighty works." 2 Corinthians 12:12. Later in the Gospel narratives the Twelve Apostles are described as having been commissioned to preach the Gospel to "all the nations" (Matthew 28:19, Mark 13:10, Mark 16:15), regardless of whether Jew or Gentile.
After the Apostle Judas Iscariot had betrayed Jesus, the remaining Apostles under the leadership of Simon Peter filled the vacancy by electing by lot Matthias, a companion of theirs ever since they themselves had followed Jesus, so that by the time of the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost they actually numbered twelve again. Twelve Prophets See Minor Prophet TY See Jerusalem Targum
Tyndale Bible
referred to as Tyndale New Testament
a version of The Bible
Tzadik is a title which is generally given to those who are considered to be righteous such as a spiritual master or rebbe. The root of the word tzadik, is tzedek, which means justice or righteousness. This term thus refers to one who acts righteously. In Arabic the word/name "saddiq", has a similar meaning. The title of Voltaire's satirical novel Zadig also stems from this root.
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